Purification of carbon dioxide

ABSTRACT

SO 2  and/or NO x  are removed from gaseous CO 2  at elevated pressure(s) in the presence of molecular oxygen and water and, when SO 2  is to be removed, NO x , to convert SO 2  to sulfuric acid and/or NO x  to nitric acid. The sulfuric acid and/or nitric acid is/are then removed from the gaseous carbon dioxide to produce SO 2 -free, NO x -lean carbon dioxide gas. The invention has particular application in the removal of SO 2  and/or NO x  from carbon dioxide flue gas produced in an oxyfuel combustion process, for example, in a pulverized coal fired power station.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for the removal of one or more contaminants selected from the group consisting of sulfur dioxide (“SO₂”) and NO_(x) from gaseous carbon dioxide. The invention has particular application in the purification of carbon dioxide flue gas from an oxyfuel combustion process, for example, in a pulverized coal fired power station in which sulfur containing carbonaceous or hydrocarbon fuel is combusted in a boiler to produce steam for electric power generation.

The term “NO_(x)” means at least one nitrogen oxide compound selected from the group consisting of nitric oxide (“NO”) and nitrogen dioxide (“NO₂”).

It has been established that one of the main causes of global warming is the rise in greenhouse gas contamination in the atmosphere due to anthropological effects. The main greenhouse gas which is being emitted, carbon dioxide (CO₂), has risen in concentration in the atmosphere from 270 ppm before the industrial revolution to the current figure of about 378 ppm. Further rises in CO₂ concentration are inevitable until CO₂ emissions are curbed. The main sources of CO₂ emission are fossil fuel fired electric power stations and from petroleum fuelled vehicles.

The use of fossil fuels is necessary in order to continue to produce the quantities of electric power that nations require to sustain their economies and lifestyles. There is, therefore, a need to devise efficient means by which CO₂ may be captured from power stations burning fossil fuel so that it can be stored rather than being vented into the atmosphere. Storage may be in a geological formation such as a saline aquifier or a depleted oil or natural gas formation. Alternatively, the CO₂ could be used for enhanced oil recovery.

The oxyfuel combustion process seeks to mitigate the harmful effects of CO₂ emissions by producing a net combustion product gas consisting of CO₂ and water vapour by combusting a carbonaceous or hydrocarbon fuel in pure oxygen. This process would result in an absence of nitrogen in the flue gas, together with a very high combustion temperature which would not be practical in a furnace or boiler. In order to moderate the combustion temperature, part of the total flue gas stream is recycled, after cooling, back to the burner.

An oxyfuel process for CO₂ capture from a pulverised coal-fired power boiler is described in a paper entitled “Oxy-combustion processes for CO₂ capture from advanced supercritical PF and NGCC power plants” (Dillon et al; presented at GHGT-7, Vancouver, September 2004), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Oxyfuel combustion produces a raw CO₂ product containing contaminants such as water vapour, “inerts” including excess combustion molecular oxygen (O₂), molecular nitrogen (N₂) and argon (Ar) derived from the oxygen used, any air leakage into the system, and acid gases such as sulfur trioxide (SO₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) produced as oxidation products from components in the fuel or by combination of N₂ and O₂ at high temperature. The precise concentrations of the gaseous impurities present in the flue gas depend on the fuel composition, the level of N₂ in the combustor, the combustion temperature and the design of the burner and furnace.

In general, the final CO₂ product will be produced as a high pressure fluid stream for delivery into a pipeline for disposal. The CO₂ must be dry to avoid corrosion of the carbon steel pipeline. The CO₂ impurity levels must not jeopardise the integrity of the geological storage site, particularly if the CO₂ is to be used for enhanced oil recovery, and the transportation and disposal must not infringe international and national treaties and regulations governing the transport and disposal of gas streams.

It is, therefore, necessary to purify the impure CO₂ from the boiler or furnace to remove water vapour, sulfur trioxide and sulfur dioxide (“SO_(x)”), nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (“NO_(x)”), soluble gaseous impurities such as HCl, and “inert” gases such as O₂, N₂ and Ar in order to produce a final CO₂ product which will be suitable for disposal.

In general, the prior art in the area of CO₂ capture using the oxyfuel process has up to now concentrated on removal of SO_(x) and NO_(x) upstream of the CO₂ compression system using current state of the art technology. SO_(x)/NO_(x) removal is based on flue gas desulphurisation schemes such as scrubbing with limestone slurry followed by air oxidation producing gypsum and NO_(x) reduction using a variety of techniques such as low NO_(x) burners, over firing or using reducing agents such as ammonia or urea at elevated temperature with or without catalysts. Conventional SO_(x)/NO_(x) removal using desulphurisation and NO_(x) reduction technologies is disclosed in “Oxyfuel Combustion For Coal-Fired Power Generation With CO₂ Capture—Opportunities And Challenges” (Jordal et al; GHGT-7, Vancouver, 2004). Such process could be applied to conventional coal boilers.

A process for the conversion of SO_(x)/NO_(x), present in the stack gas of fossil fuel fired boilers, into concentrated H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ has been developed Tyco Labs., Inc. and is described in a report titled “Development of the catalytic chamber process for the manufacture of sulphuric and nitric acids from waste flue gases” (Keilin et al; Contract number PH86-68-75; Prepared for the US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Programs 1967 to 1969). The Tyco process is based on the lead chamber process for sulphuric acid manufacture. In this process SO₂ is oxidized to SO₃ by reaction with NO₂ (see Equation (a)); SO₂+NO₂=SO₃+NO  (a). This reaction is followed by dissolution of the SO₃ in water to form sulphuric acid (see Equation (b)); SO₃+H₂O=H₂SO₄  (b). The NO is reoxidized to NO₂ by reaction with oxygen present in the flue gas (see Equation (c)); 2NO+O₂=2NO₂  (c) The NO_(x) acts as a gas phase catalyst.

This process would not normally be feasible at atmospheric pressure and with the low concentrations of NO_(x) present.

A further problem would be the rather slow kinetics of the NO oxidation step. The Tyco process gets over this problem in two ways. First, it increases the NO₂ concentration in the stack gas by a factor of about 100 by recycling an NO₂ rich gas stream which is mixed with the stack gas prior to SO₂ oxidation and H₂SO₄ production. The H₂SO₄ is recovered in a high temperature scrubber, which allows the bulk of the water vapour in the stack gas to pass through the unit without condensation, producing an acid of about 80% concentration. The NO₂ and NO react with the sulphuric acid to form nitrosyl sulphuric acid so that about 90% of the NO_(x) present in the flue gas is removed together with virtually all of the SO_(x) (see Equation (d)). NO₂+NO+2H₂SO₄=2NOSO₄+H₂O  (d).

Secondly, the slow oxidation of NO to NO₂ is speeded up by passing the nitrosyl sulphuric acid through a stripper tower which is swept by a small side-stream of the flue gas feed which provides the O₂ needed for net NO oxidation to NO₂. The oxidation reaction in the stripper tower is assisted by an active carbon catalyst which circulates in the liquid phase.

There is a need for an improved method for the removal of SO_(x)/NO_(x) from gaseous carbon dioxide, particularly from carbon dioxide flue gas produced in an oxyfuel combustion process such as that involved in a pulverized coal-fired power boiler.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for the removal of at least a portion of one or more contaminants selected from the group consisting of SO₂ and NO_(x) from gaseous carbon dioxide, said method comprising:

-   -   maintaining said gaseous carbon dioxide at elevated pressure(s)         in the presence of molecular oxygen and water and, when SO₂ is         to be removed, NO_(x), for a sufficient time to convert SO₂ to         sulfuric acid and/or NO_(x) to nitric acid; and     -   separating said sulfuric acid and/or nitric acid from said         gaseous carbon dioxide to produce SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon         dioxide gas.     -   According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is         provided apparatus for the removal of one or more contaminants         selected from the group consisting of SO₂ and NO_(x) from         gaseous carbon dioxide, said apparatus comprising:         -   a compressor for elevating the pressure of gaseous carbon             dioxide;         -   at least one counter current gas/liquid contact device for             washing said gaseous carbon dioxide with water at elevated             pressure in the presence of molecular oxygen and, when SO2             is to be removed, NOx for a sufficient time to convert SO2             to sulfuric acid and/or NOx to nitric acid;         -   conduit means for feeding gaseous carbon dioxide at elevated             pressure from said compressor to the or each respective             gas/liquid contact device; and         -   conduit means for recycling aqueous sulfuric acid solution             and/or aqueous nitric acid solution to the or each             respective gas/liquid contact device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation (or flow sheet) of a preferred embodiment of the present invention

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The method of the present invention provides for the removal of at least a portion of one or more contaminants selected from the group consisting of SO₂ and NO_(x) from gaseous carbon dioxide. The method comprises:

-   -   maintaining the gaseous carbon dioxide at elevated pressure(s)         in the presence of molecular oxygen and water and, when SO₂ is         to be removed, NOx, for a sufficient time to convert SO₂ to         sulfuric acid and/or NOx to nitric acid; and     -   separating said sulfuric acid and/or nitric acid from said         gaseous carbon dioxide to produce SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon         dioxide gas.

The method typically removes at least substantially all (and usually all) of any SO₂ contaminant and the bulk, usually about 90%, of any NO_(x)

The reactions which take place between SO₂, SO₃, H₂O, NO, and NO₂ when impure CO₂ (containing these compounds) is maintained at an elevated pressure (i.e. higher than atmospheric pressure) are: NO+1/2O₂ ⇄NO ₂  (1) 2NO₂⇄N₂O₄  (2) 2NO₂+H₂O⇄HNO₂+HNO₃  (3) 3HNO₂⇄HNO₃+2NO+H₂O  (4) NO₂+SO₂⇄NO+SO₃  (5) SO₃+H₂O⇄H₂SO₄  (6)

These reactions can be described as follows:

-   -   Reaction (1) is gas phase, kinetically controlled;     -   Reaction (2) is gas phase, equilibrium controlled with fast         kinetics;     -   Reaction (3) is liquid phase, kinetically controlled;     -   Reaction (4) is liquid phase, equilibrium controlled with fast         kinetics;     -   Reaction (5) is gas phase, equilibrium controlled with fast         kinetics; and     -   Reaction (6) is dissolution in the water phase which can be         designed in a contactor to be a fast process.

Reactions (1) and (3) have reaction rates that limit the conversion process, whereas Reactions (2), (4) and (5) are considered to be fast enough not to limit the process.

Reaction (1) has been extensively studied and it has been well established as a third-order homogeneous reaction with a rate constant k (L² mol⁻² s⁻¹)=1.2×10³e^(530/T) with T in Kelvin. The rate, −d[NO]/dt=2 k [NO]² [O₂], is third order and so proportional to pressure to the third power. In addition, the reaction rate increases with decreasing temperature. The Inventors have realised that the pressure and temperature relationship to the conversion rate can be used to remove effectively SOx/NOx from gaseous carbon dioxide.

The Inventors have found that the rate of Reaction (1) does not become useful until the pressure has increased to at least about 3 bar and preferably from about 10 bar to about 50 bar, for example, in a CO₂ compression train where the gas has been cooled in the compressor intercooler or aftercooler. At least a portion of the compression is preferably adiabatic.

The precise temperature to which the gas is cooled determines the amount of water vapour present in the resultant CO₂ gas and hence the amount of water vapour that condenses in, for example, an acid scrub tower. The excess acid is removed at a concentration determined by the operating temperature, the pressure and the levels of H₂O and SO₂ present in the crude CO₂ stream.

Reactions (1) and (5) together are the lead chamber process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, catalysed by NO₂. Reaction (5) is known to be fast and so is considered to be equilibrium limited. Reactions (1) to (4) are part of the nitric acid process and so are well known.

The Inventors have realised that the above mentioned reactions provide a path-way for SO₂ to be removed as H₂SO₄ and for NO and NO₂ to be removed as HNO₃ provided that the reactive components are provided with sufficient contact time after elevation of the pressure of the raw (or impure) CO₂. Contact time (or “hold-up”) determines the degree of conversion of SO₂ to H₂SO₄ and NO_(x) to HNO₃. A total “hold-up” time of no more than 60 seconds is usually sufficient for maximum conversion of SO₂/NO_(x).

Counter current gas/liquid contact devices such as columns or scrub towers allow intimate mixing of water with SO₃ and then with NO₂ to remove continuously these components from the gas thereby allowing reactions to proceed until at least substantially all SO₂ is removed, together with the bulk of the NO_(x). Such devices are suitable for provided the required contact time for the conversion(s). No HNO₂ or HNO₃ will be formed until all of the SO₂ has been consumed. NO₂ formed by the slow Reaction (1) will be consumed by the fast Reaction (5) before the slow Reaction 3 can produce HNO₂ or HNO₃.

Without SO₂ being present, Reactions (1)-(4) become the nitric acid process. A small amount of water also helps the reaction pathway by pushing Reaction (3) towards the right.

The molecular oxygen required for the conversions may be added to the gaseous carbon dioxide. However, an amount of molecular oxygen is usually present in the gaseous carbon dioxide, for example any excess molecular oxygen used in an oxyfuel combustion process. Water is usually present in the gaseous carbon dioxide, for example, having been produced in an oxyfuel combustion process.

The gaseous carbon dioxide is usually washed with water in at least one counter current gas/liquid contact device to produce the SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous sulfuric acid solution and/or an aqueous nitric acid solution. The aqueous acid solutions are usually dilute. At least a portion of the or each aqueous solution is preferably recycled to the or each respective gas/liquid contact device. Where the contact device is a column or scrub tower, the solution is recycled to the top of the column or tower. The recycle portion(s) of the or each aqueous solution are usually pumped to higher pressure(s) to produce pumped solution(s) which are then cooled before recycling.

In preferred embodiments in which gaseous carbon dioxide comprises SO₂ and NO_(x), the method comprises converting SO₂ to sulfuric acid at a first elevated pressure and converting NO_(x) to nitric acid at a second elevated pressure which is higher than the first elevated pressure. A portion of the NO_(x) may be converted to nitric acid at the first elevated pressure. For example, if SO₂ feed concentration is sufficiently low, there could be more nitric acid than sulfuric acid produced at the first elevated pressure.

In these embodiments, the method usually comprises:

-   -   washing the gaseous carbon dioxide with water at said first         elevated pressure in a first counter current gas/liquid contact         device to produce SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous         sulfuric acid solution;     -   compressing at least a portion of the SO₂-free carbon dioxide         gas to the second elevated pressure; and     -   washing at least a portion of the SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas         with water at the second elevated pressure in a second counter         current gas/liquid contact device to produce SO₂-free,         NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous nitric acid         solution. At least a portion of the aqueous sulfuric acid         solution is usually recycled to the first gas/liquid contact         device, optionally after pumping and/or cooling. At least a         portion of the aqueous nitric acid solution is usually recycled         to the second gas/liquid contact device, optionally after         pumping and/or cooling.

Heat of compression may removed by indirect heat exchange with a coolant. The coolant is preferably feed water for an oxyfuel boiler, for example, the boiler producing the gaseous carbon dioxide.

In embodiments where the or each contact device is a gas/liquid contact column or a scrub tower, a stream of water from an external source may be injected into the top of the or each contact device. Water injected into the top of a first gas/liquid contact column would ensure that no acid is carried downstream to corrode apparatus such as compressor(s). Water injected into the top of a second gas/liquid contact column increases the conversion of NO_(x) to nitric acid for a given contact time and recycle rate.

The first elevated pressure is usually from about 10 bar to about 20 bar and is preferably about 15 bar. Where the gaseous carbon dioxide is compressed to the first elevated pressure, such compression is preferably adiabatic.

The second elevated pressure is usually from about 25 bar to about 35 bar and is preferably about 30 bar.

The contact time of carbon dioxide gas and water in the gas/liquid contact devices is known as the residence time. The gaseous carbon dioxide preferably has a residence time in the first gas/liquid contact device of from about 2 seconds to about 20 seconds. The SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas preferably has a residence time in the second gas/liquid contact device of from about 2 seconds to about 20 seconds.

One of the advantages of preferred embodiments of the present invention is that the method works with concentrations of NO_(x), as low as 300 ppm. The concentration of NO_(x) in the gaseous carbon dioxide is preferably from about 300 ppm to about 10,000 ppm. In embodiments where the gaseous carbon dioxide does not comprise NO_(x) as a contaminant, the method further comprises adding to the gaseous carbon dioxide at least the minimum amount of NO_(x) required to convert said SO₂ to sulfuric acid. In those embodiments, the amount of NO_(x) added is preferably from about 300 ppm to about 10,000 ppm.

The temperature at which the gaseous carbon dioxide is maintained at said elevated pressure(s) to convert SO₂ to sulfuric acid and/or NO_(x) to nitric acid is usually no more than about 80° C. and preferably no more than about 50° C. In preferred embodiments, the temperature is no less than about 0C and is preferably from about 0° C. to 50° C. Most preferably, the temperature is near ambient, for example, about 30° C.

The method is suitable to purify streams of carbon dioxide from any source, provided that the streams contain SO_(x) and/or NO_(x) as contaminants. However, the method has particular application when integrated with an oxyfuel combustion process. In preferred embodiments, crude gaseous carbon dioxide is produced in an oxyfuel combustion process and washed with water to remove solid particles and water soluble components thereby producing gaseous carbon dioxide, usually at about atmospheric pressure. The gaseous carbon dioxide is then compressed, preferably adiabatically, to elevated pressure(s).

Where the gaseous carbon dioxide is produced in an oxyfuel combustion process, the process usually involves the combustion of at least one sulfur containing fuel selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous fuel or hydrocarbon fuel, in a gas consisting essentially of molecular oxygen and, optionally, recycled flue gas from the combustion process.

At least a portion of the SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas may be further processed. In this connection, the gas is usually dried, purified to remove “inert” components, and compressed to a pipeline pressure of from about 80 bar to about 250 bar. The gas may then be stored in geological formations or used in enhanced oil recovery. In preferred embodiments, the gas is dried in a desiccant drier, and then cooled to a temperature close to its triple point where “inerts” such as O₂, N₂ and Ar, are removed in the gas phase. This process allows the CO₂ loss with the inert gas stream to be minimised by fixing the feed gas pressure at an appropriate high level in the range 20 bar to 40 bar. A suitable “inerts” removal process is described in a paper titled “Oxyfuel conversion of heaters and boilers for CO₂ capture” (Wilkinson et al; Second National Conference on Carbon Sequestration; May 5-8, 2003; Washington, D.C.), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This process leads to CO₂ purities of around 95 to 98% and CO₂ recoveries of 90% to 95%.

In preferred embodiments, SO₂ is converted to sulfuric acid and/or NO_(x) to nitric acid at inter-stages of a carbon dioxide compression train. Where the gas is washed with water, these embodiments have the advantage that the water also cools the gas to remove heat of compression.

The method for the removal of SO₂ and NO_(x) from gaseous carbon dioxide produced in an oxyfuel combustion process, preferably comprises

-   -   washing crude carbon dioxide produced in the oxyfuel combustion         process with water to remove solid particles and water soluble         components thereby producing the gaseous carbon dioxide;     -   compressing adiabatically at least a portion of the gaseous         carbon dioxide to produce gaseous carbon dioxide at a first         elevated pressure;     -   washing the gaseous carbon dioxide with water at the first         elevated pressure in a first counter current gas/liquid contact         device to produce SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous         sulfuric acid solution, at least a portion of said aqueous         sulfuric acid solution being recycled to the first gas/liquid         contact device;     -   compressing at least a portion of the SO₂-free carbon dioxide         gas to produce SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas at a second elevated         pressure; and     -   washing the SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas with water at the second         elevated pressure in a second counter current gas/liquid contact         device to produce SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas and         an aqueous nitric acid solution, at least a portion of the         aqueous nitric acid solution being recycled to the second         gas/liquid contact device.

Where the method is integrated with an oxyfuel combustion process using coal as fuel, mercury will be present in the gaseous carbon dioxide based on typical coal compositions. A further advantage of the present invention is that, as nitric acid is produced, any elemental mercury or mercury compounds present in the gaseous carbon dioxide will also be removed as elemental mercury in the vapor phase will be converted to mercuric nitrate and mercury compounds react readily with nitric acid. Typical nitric acid concentrations in the process will be sufficient to remove all mercury from the carbon dioxide stream, either by reaction or dissolution.

The apparatus of the present invention provides for the removal of one or more contaminants selected from the group consisting of SO₂ and NO_(x) from gaseous carbon dioxide. The apparatus comprises:

-   -   a compressor for elevating the pressure of gaseous carbon         dioxide;     -   at least one counter current gas/liquid contact device for         washing the gaseous carbon dioxide with water at elevated         pressure in the presence of molecular oxygen and, when SO₂ is to         be removed, NO_(x), for a sufficient time to convert SO₂ to         sulfuric acid and/or NO_(x) to nitric acid;     -   conduit means for feeding gaseous carbon dioxide at elevated         pressure from the compressor to the or each respective         gas/liquid contact device; and     -   conduit means for recycling aqueous sulfuric acid solution         and/or aqueous nitric acid solution to the or each respective         gas/liquid contact device.

In preferred embodiments, apparatus for the removal of SO₂ and NO_(x) contaminants from gaseous carbon dioxide, wherein molecular oxygen is present in the gaseous carbon dioxide, comprises:

-   -   a first compressor for compressing gaseous carbon dioxide to a         first elevated pressure;     -   a first counter current gas/liquid contact device for washing         the gaseous carbon dioxide with water at the first elevated         pressure for a sufficient time to produce SO2-free carbon         dioxide gas and an aqueous sulfuric acid solution;     -   conduit means for feeding said gaseous carbon dioxide at the         first elevated pressure from the first compressor to the first         gas/liquid contact device; and     -   conduit means for recycling aqueous sulfuric acid solution to         the first gas/liquid contact column;     -   a second compressor for compressing at least a portion of the         SO2-free carbon dioxide gas to a second elevated pressure which         is higher than the first elevated pressure;     -   a second counter current gas/liquid contact device for washing         the SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas with water at the second         elevated pressure for a sufficient time to produce SO₂-free,         NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous nitric acid         solution;     -   conduit means for feeding the SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas at         said second elevated pressure from the second compressor to the         second gas/liquid contact device; and     -   conduit means for recycling aqueous nitric acid solution to the         second gas/liquid contact device.

In preferred embodiments of the apparatus, the first and second compressors are stages of a carbon dioxide compression train.

Referring to FIG. 1, the net flue gas from an oxyfuel-fired furnace (not shown) is cooled to 30° C. and the condensed water and soluble components are removed to produce a stream 1 of impure carbon dioxide. A direct contact tower (not shown) could be used in this respect. The impure carbon dioxide comprises molecular oxygen and water, together with SO₂ and NO_(x) contaminants. The proportions of the SO₂ and NO_(x) contaminants in the impure carbon dioxide depend on the composition of the fuel used in the oxyfuel-fired furnace.

Stream 1 is then compressed to a first elevated pressure of about 15 bar absolute (“bara”) in an axial adiabatic compressor K101 to produce a stream 2 of compressed impure carbon dioxide. Stream 2 is at a temperature of about 308° C. and is used to preheat boiler feed water (not shown) by indirect heat exchange in heat exchanger E101 to produce a stream 3 of cooled carbon dioxide which is then further cooled in heat exchanger E102 by indirect heat exchange against a stream of condensate (not shown) to produce a stream 4 of further cooled carbon dioxide. The warmed boiler feed water and condensate streams (not shown) are returned to the oxyfuel boiler (not shown). Stream 4 is then cooled by indirect heat exchange against a stream of cooling water (not shown) in heat exchanger E103 to produce a stream 5 of carbon dioxide at a temperature of about 30° C.

Heat exchangers E101, E102 and E103 provide sufficient contact time between the contaminants, the molecular oxygen and the water to convert a portion of the SO₂ contaminant in impure carbon dioxide stream 3, 4 and 5 to sulfuric acid.

Stream 5 is fed to the bottom of a first counter current gas/liquid contacting column C101 where it ascends in direct contact with descending water. A stream 11 of SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas is removed from the top of column C101 and a stream 6 of aqueous sulfuric acid solution (that also contains nitric acid) is removed from the base of the column C101.

The column C101 provides sufficient contact time between the ascending gas and descending liquid for conversion of the remainder of the SO₂ contaminant to produce sulfuric acid. The contact time is also sufficient for a portion of the NO_(x) contaminant to be converted to nitric acid. The contact time in column C101 is calculated to allow complete conversion of SO_(x) to sulfuric acid, together with conversion to nitric acid of a portion of the NO_(x) contaminant. Reducing the contact time in column C101 would reduce, first, the amount of NO_(x) converted to nitric acid and, then, reduce the amount of SO_(x) converted to sulfuric acid.

Stream 6 is divided into two portions. A first portion 7 can be further concentrated (not shown) or it can be neutralized by reaction with limestone to produce gypsum (not shown). Nitric acid present in portion 7 would be converted to soluble calcium nitrate in such a neutralization reaction. A second portion 8 is pumped in pump P101 to produce a pumped stream 9 of aqueous sulfuric acid solution which is then cooled by indirect hear exchange against cooling water (not shown) in heat exchanger E104 to produce a stream 10 of cooled, pumped aqueous sulfuric acid solution. Heat exchanger E104 removes heat of reaction produced by the exothermic conversion reactions in column C101. Stream 10 is recycled to the top of the column C101.

Water can be injected (not shown) into the top of column C101 in a separate packed section (not shown) should it be necessary to ensure that no acid drops are carried downstream of column C101 in stream 11.

The flow sheet depicted in FIG. 1 shows the cooling sequence between compressor K101 and column C101. Condensation will probably occur in exchanger E102. If such condensation is considered to be a corrosion issue, extra duty could be placed on exchanger E104 in the recycle circuit by allowing the 15 bar gas of stream 5 to enter the column C101 above its condensation temperature.

Stream 11 contains no SO_(x) and the NO_(x) content is reduced. Stream 11 is compressed to about 30 bar in compressor K102 to produce a stream 12 of compressed SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas. Increasing the pressure of the stream 11 of SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas stream further increases the rate of conversion of NO_(x) to nitric acid.

Heat of compression generated by compressor K102 in stream 12 is removed by indirect heat exchange in heat exchanger E105 to produce a stream 13 of cooled, compressed SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas.

Stream 13 is fed to the base of a second counter current gas/liquid contact column C102. The SO₂-free gas ascends column C102 in direct contact with descending water. A stream 20 of SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas is removed from the top of column C102 and a stream 14 of aqueous nitric acid solution is removed from the base of column C102.

Column C102 provides contact time between the ascending gas and the descending liquid for conversion of the bulk of the remaining NO_(x) contaminant to produce nitric acid.

Stream 14 of aqueous nitric acid solution is divided into two portions. A first portion 15 is removed and a second portion 16 is pumped in pump P102 to produce a stream 17 of pumped nitric acid solution which in turn is cooled by indirect heat exchange in heat exchanger E106 which removes heat of reaction produced by converting NO_(x) to nitric acid in column C102 to produce a stream 18 of cooled, pumped nitric acid solution. Stream 18 is recycled to the top of column C102.

A stream 19 of fresh water is injected into the top of column C102. Although this water dilutes the nitric acid, its addition increases the conversion of NO_(x) to nitric acid for a given column contact time and recycle rate.

All of the SO₂ contaminant and most, e.g. about 90%, of the NO_(x) contaminant in the flue gas generated in the oxyfuel combustion process is removed using this process to produce the stream 20 of SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide. Stream 20 can now be further treated as required. For example, stream 20 can be dried (not shown) and the molecular oxygen, molecular nitrogen and argon “inerts” can be removed (not shown) to produce purified carbon dioxide gas which may then be compressed to a pipeline pressure of from about 80 bar to about 250 bar for storage or disposal.

The process may be used to purify flue gas from an oxyfuel combustion process having a high concentration of SO₂ contaminant. Such high concentrations of SO₂ contaminant may be due to the oxyfuel combustion process using coal, containing high levels of sulfur, as the fuel. Additionally or alternatively, high concentrations of SO₂ contaminant may be due to no separate SO₂ (or NO_(x)) removal applied downstream of the combustion process but before compression in compressor K101.

It is conceivable that an existing power station, converted to oxyfuel combustion, would have SO₂ and/or NO_(x) removal. It is also possible that lower sulfur coal could be used. In either case, the amount of SO₂ to be converted in column C101 would be less. Therefore, the contact time in column C101 would need to be only minimal to ensure that nitric acid is removed in column C102. Alternatively, column C101 could be designed to remove the required amounts of NO_(x) thereby making column C102 redundant which would then be replaced with a simple separation vessel to removed condensed liquid.

In the simplest version of the flow sheet, both columns C101 and C102 could be simple separation vessels allowing condensed liquid (dilute acid) to be removed. Since this would not provide the length of contact time that the direct contacting columns would provide, the conversion of NO_(x) to nitric acid would be reduced to levels that may require further treatment of gases that are to be vented to the atmosphere. A further option is to eliminate heat exchanger E105 and carry out the removal of the heat of compression in column C102, with the heat being removed by heat exchanger E106 to cooling water or condensate preheating.

An additional advantage of the present invention is that any elemental mercury or mercury compounds present in the carbon dioxide flue gas from the power station will be quantitatively removed by reaction with nitric acid in column C101 and/or column C102.

EXAMPLE

Computer simulations of the embodiment of the present invention exemplified in FIG. 1 have been carried out for the purification of oxyfuel combustion flue gas containing low and high concentrations of sulfur.

Table 1 depicts the heat and mass balance for the relevant process streams for the “low sulfur” case.

Table 2 depicts the heat and mass balance for the relevant process streams in the “high sulfur” case. TABLE 1 Stream Number 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 Temperature ° C. 30.00 307.67 185.00 50.00 35.66 46.06 46.06 30.00 Pressure bar a 1.01 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Flow kg/s 148.65 148.65 148.65 148.65 148.65 5.63 130.36 130.36 Composition AR mol % 2.7401 2.7401 2.7404 2.7442 2.7596 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 CO₂ mol % 71.2638 71.2638 71.2723 71.3715 71.7718 0.0335 0.0335 0.0335 N₂ mol % 15.9177 15.9177 15.9195 15.9417 16.0311 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 NO ppm 4136.7452 4136.7452 4138.6834 4144.4443 4167.6920 0.1226 0.1226 0.1226 NO₂ ppm 1.4474 1.4474 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 O₂ mol % 4.7227 4.7227 4.7194 4.6795 4.5188 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 N₂O₄ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 HNO₃ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 8.6087 8.6087 8.6087 HNO₂ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 SO₂ ppm 682.0640 682.0640 674.1874 582.3298 211.6383 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 H₂O mol % 4.2599 4.2599 4.2524 4.1656 3.8150 75.7983 75.7983 75.7983 H₂SO₄ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0080 0.1008 0.4753 15.5558 15.5558 15.5558 Stream Number 11 12 13 15 17 18 19 20 Temperature ° C. 30.05 93.67 20.00 25.64 25.64 30.00 30.00 29.88 Pressure bar a 15 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Flow kg/s 143.02 143.02 143.02 1.54 110.29 110.29 1.50 142.99 Composition AR mol % 2.9124 2.9124 2.9124 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0000 2.9105 CO₂ mol % 75.7437 75.7437 75.7437 0.9792 0.9792 0.9792 0.0000 75.6733 N₂ mol % 16.9186 16.9186 16.9186 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0000 16.9078 NO ppm 71.2045 71.2045 71.2045 0.0342 0.0342 0.0342 0.0000 8.1626 NO₂ ppm 0.0591 0.0591 0.0591 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0000 0.0070 O₂ mol % 4.3328 4.3328 4.3328 0.0020 0.0020 0.0020 0.0000 4.3253 N₂O₄ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 HNO₃ mol % 0.0314 0.0314 0.0314 1.6380 1.6380 1.6380 0.0000 0.0000 HNO₂ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 SO₂ ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 H₂O mol % 0.0540 0.0540 0.0540 97.3741 97.3741 97.3741 100.0000 0.1823 H₂SO₄ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

TABLE 2 Stream Number 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 Temperature ° C. 30.00 307.30 185.00 50.00 35.53 69.10 69.10 30.00 Pressure bar a 1.01 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Flow kg/s 150.60 150.60 150.60 150.60 150.60 7.99 130.36 130.36 Composition AR mol % 2.7173 2.7173 2.7176 2.7213 2.7362 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 CO₂ mol % 70.6708 70.6708 70.6790 70.7751 71.1643 0.0446 0.0446 0.0446 N₂ mol % 15.7852 15.7852 15.7870 15.8085 15.8954 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 NO ppm 4102.3231 4102.3231 4104.2307 4109.8117 4132.4137 0.2158 0.2158 0.2158 NO₂ ppm 1.4353 1.4353 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0197 0.0197 0.0197 O₂ mol % 4.6834 4.6834 4.6801 4.6412 4.4834 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 N₂O₄ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 HNO₃ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7.5420 7.5420 7.5420 HNO₂ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 SO₂ ppm 1473.3661 1473.3661 1465.8141 1377.1532 1018.0919 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 H₂O mol % 4.2596 4.2596 4.2523 4.1675 3.8237 58.8148 58.8148 58.8148 H₂SO₄ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0077 0.0984 0.4656 33.5940 33.5940 33.5940 Stream Number 11 12 13 15 17 18 19 20 Temperature ° C. 30.09 93.66 20.00 25.89 25.89 30.00 30.00 29.95 Pressure bar a 15 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Flow kg/s 142.61 142.61 142.61 1.61 110.29 110.29 1.50 142.51 Composition AR mol % 2.9249 2.9249 2.9249 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0000 2.9230 CO₂ mol % 76.0687 76.0687 76.0687 0.8085 0.8085 0.8085 0.0000 76.0027 N₂ mol % 16.9913 16.9913 16.9913 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0000 16.9807 NO ppm 85.9226 85.9226 85.9226 0.0354 0.0354 0.0354 0.0000 9.8390 NO₂ ppm 0.0496 0.0496 0.0496 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0000 0.0089 O₂ mol % 3.9236 3.9236 3.9236 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0000 3.9154 N₂O₄ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 HNO₃ mol % 0.0768 0.0768 0.0768 3.6600 3.6600 3.6600 0.0000 0.0000 HNO₂ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 SO₂ ppm 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 H₂O mol % 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059 95.5246 95.5246 95.5246 100.0000 0.1772 H₂SO₄ mol % 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Throughout the specification, the term “means” in the context of means for carrying out a function, is intended to refer to at least one device adapted and/or constructed to carry out that function.

It will be appreciated that the invention is not restricted to the details described above with reference to the preferred embodiments but that numerous modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims. 

1. A method for the removal of at least a portion of one or more contaminants selected from the group consisting of SO₂ and NO_(x) from gaseous carbon dioxide, said method comprising: maintaining said gaseous carbon dioxide at elevated pressure(s) in the presence of molecular oxygen and water and, when SO₂ is to be removed, NO_(x), for a sufficient time to convert SO₂ to sulfuric acid and/or NO_(x) to nitric acid; and separating said sulfuric acid and/or nitric acid from said gaseous carbon dioxide to produce SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas.
 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said elevated pressure(s) is at least about 3 bar.
 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said elevated pressure(s) is between about 10 bar and about 50 bar.
 4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said molecular oxygen is present in the gaseous carbon dioxide.
 5. The method according to claim 1 comprising washing said gaseous carbon dioxide with water in at least one counter current gas/liquid contact device to produce said SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous sulfuric acid solution and/or an aqueous nitric acid solution.
 6. The method according to claim 5 further comprising recycling at least a portion of the or each aqueous solution to the or each respective gas/liquid contact device.
 7. The method according to claim 6 further comprising pumping said portion(s) of the or each aqueous solution to higher pressure(s) to produce pumped solution(s) and cooling said pumped solution(s) before recycling.
 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein said gaseous carbon dioxide comprises SO₂ and NO_(x), said method comprising converting SO₂ to sulfuric acid at a first elevated pressure and converting NO_(x) to nitric acid at a second elevated pressure which is higher than the first elevated pressure.
 9. The method according to claim 8 wherein a portion of said NO_(x) is converted to nitric acid at said first elevated pressure.
 10. The method according to claim 8 comprising: washing said gaseous carbon dioxide with water at said first elevated pressure in a first counter current gas/liquid contact device to produce SO2-free carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous sulfuric acid solution; compressing at least a portion of said SO2-free carbon dioxide gas to the second elevated pressure; and washing at least a portion of said SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas with water at said second elevated pressure in a second counter current gas/liquid contact device to produce SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous nitric acid solution.
 11. The method according to claim 10 further comprising recycling at least a portion of said aqueous sulfuric acid solution to the first gas/liquid contact device, optionally after pumping and/or cooling.
 12. The method according to claim 10 further comprising recycling at least a portion of said aqueous nitric acid solution to the second gas/liquid contact device, optionally after pumping and/or cooling.
 13. The method according to claim 10 wherein heat of compression is removed by indirect heat exchange with a coolant.
 14. The method according to claim 13 wherein the coolant is feed water for an oxyfuel boiler.
 15. The method according to claim 10 wherein a stream of water is injected into the top of second contact device.
 16. The method according to claim 8 wherein the first elevated pressure is from about 10 bar to about 20 bar.
 17. The method according to claim 8 wherein the second elevated pressure is from about 25 bar to about 35 bar.
 18. The method according to claim 8 wherein said gaseous carbon dioxide has a residence time in the first gas/liquid contact device of from about 2 seconds to about 20 seconds.
 19. The method according to claim 8 wherein said SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas has a residence time in the second gas/liquid contact device of from about 2 seconds to about 20 seconds.
 20. The method according to claim 8 wherein the concentration of NO_(x) in said gaseous carbon dioxide is from about 300 ppm to about 10,000 ppm.
 21. The method according to claim 1 wherein said gaseous carbon dioxide does not comprise NO_(x) as a contaminant, said method further comprising adding to said gaseous carbon dioxide at least the minimum amount of NO_(x) required to convert said SO₂ to sulfuric acid.
 22. The method according to claim 21 wherein the amount of NO_(x) added is from about 300 ppm to about 10,000 ppm.
 23. The method according to claim 1 wherein the temperature at which said gaseous carbon dioxide is maintained at said elevated pressure(s) to convert SO₂ to sulfuric acid and/or NO_(x) to nitric acid is no more than about 80° C.
 24. The method according to claim 1 wherein said gaseous carbon dioxide is compressed adiabatically to the elevated pressure(s).
 25. The method according to claim 1 wherein crude gaseous carbon dioxide is produced in an oxyfuel combustion process and washed with water to remove solid particles and water soluble components thereby producing said gaseous carbon dioxide.
 26. The method according to claim 25 wherein the oxyfuel combustion process involves the combustion of at least one sulfur containing fuel selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous fuel or hydrocarbon fuel, in a gas consisting essentially of molecular oxygen and, optionally, recycled flue gas from the combustion process.
 27. The method according to claim 1 wherein at least a portion of said SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas is dried, purified to remove “inert” components, and compressed to a pipeline pressure of from about 80 bar to about 250 bar.
 28. The method according to claim 1 wherein SO₂ is converted to sulfuric acid and/or NO_(x) to nitric acid at inter-stages of a carbon dioxide compression train.
 29. The method according to claim 1 wherein water is present in said gaseous carbon dioxide.
 30. The method of claim 1 wherein any additional molecular oxygen added to the gaseous carbon dioxide to be treated is pure oxygen.
 31. A method for the removal of SO2 and NOx from gaseous carbon dioxide produced in an oxyfuel combustion process, said method comprising: washing crude carbon dioxide produced in said oxyfuel combustion process with water to remove solid particles and water soluble components thereby producing said gaseous carbon dioxide; compressing adiabatically at least a portion of said gaseous carbon dioxide to produce gaseous carbon dioxide at a first elevated pressure; washing said gaseous carbon dioxide with water at said first elevated pressure in a first counter current gas/liquid contact device to produce SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous sulfuric acid solution, at least a portion of said aqueous sulfuric acid solution being recycled to the first gas/liquid contact device; compressing at least a portion of said SO2-free carbon dioxide gas to produce SO2-free carbon dioxide gas at a second elevated pressure; and washing said SO₂-free carbon dioxide gas with water at said second elevated pressure in a second counter current gas/liquid contact device to produce SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous nitric acid solution, at least a portion of said aqueous nitric acid solution being recycled to the second gas/liquid contact device.
 32. Apparatus for the removal of one or more contaminants selected from the group consisting of SO₂ and NO_(x) from gaseous carbon dioxide, said apparatus comprising: a compressor for elevating the pressure of gaseous carbon dioxide; at least one counter current gas/liquid contact device for washing said gaseous carbon dioxide with water at elevated pressure in the presence of molecular oxygen and, when SO₂ is to be removed, NO_(x) for a sufficient time to convert SO2 to sulfuric acid and/or NOx to nitric acid; conduit means for feeding gaseous carbon dioxide at elevated pressure from said compressor to the or each respective gas/liquid contact device; and conduit means for recycling aqueous sulfuric acid solution and/or aqueous nitric acid solution to the or each respective gas/liquid contact device.
 33. Apparatus for the removal of SO₂ and NO_(x) contaminants from gaseous carbon dioxide, wherein molecular oxygen is present in said gaseous carbon dioxide, said apparatus comprising: a first compressor for compressing gaseous carbon dioxide to a first elevated pressure; a first counter current gas/liquid contact device for washing said gaseous carbon dioxide with water at said first elevated pressure for a sufficient time to produce SO2-free carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous sulfuric acid solution; conduit means for feeding said gaseous carbon dioxide at said first elevated pressure from said first compressor to said first gas/liquid contact device; and conduit means for recycling aqueous sulfuric acid solution to said first gas/liquid contact column; a second compressor for compressing at least a portion of said SO2-free carbon dioxide gas to a second elevated pressure which is higher than said first elevated pressure; a second counter current gas/liquid contact device for washing said SO2-free carbon dioxide gas with water at said second elevated pressure for a sufficient time to produce SO₂-free, NO_(x)-lean carbon dioxide gas and an aqueous nitric acid solution; conduit means for feeding said SO2-free carbon dioxide gas at said second elevated pressure from said second compressor to said second gas/liquid contact device; and conduit means for recycling aqueous nitric acid solution to said second gas/liquid contact device.
 34. Apparatus as claimed in claim 33 wherein the first and second compressors are stages of a carbon dioxide compression train. 